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Night Weaning

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Jacque Ordner BSN, RN, IBCLC, RLC 

Sleep is a sensitive and often sensationalized topic among so-called parenting gurus, authors, and creators of online sleep courses.  However, let me reassure you that if your baby nurses or takes a bottle to drift off and wakes to feed through the night, they are not broken….THEY ARE NORMAL!  In fact, research tells us that babies who sleep through the night at less than one year of age are closer to the exception than the rule.  New parents are often asked, “Is he a good sleeper?” or “Is she sleeping through the night yet?” when babies are barely out of the newborn stage. This helps perpetuate the myth that there is something wrong if babies under one are not yet giving their parents 6-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep.  Well-meaning advice givers often tell parents that their babies will magically stop waking if night feedings are cut-off.  In reality, early night weaning can lead to decreased milk supply and put baby at risk of receiving inadequate intake. At somewhere around six months of age,  you may begin to notice that your little one naturally stretches out the time between feedings and perhaps even stretches the time spent sleeping at night. While I recommend waiting until baby is closer to age one to start actively night weaning, there are some tips that parents can employ to encourage healthy sleep for their babies.  Since sleep is developmental, I recommend following your baby’s cues while eliminating obstacles to good sleep.  Find out more in our blog post, Newborn and Infant Sleep – What is Normal? 

While night weaning can help encourage an older baby or toddler to sleep longer at night, it’s not a guarantee of reduced night waking. This is because sleep is primarily developmental, and children wake for other reasons besides just hunger.  We, as parents, can help shape our children’s environment and behaviors to encourage sleep, but it is important to keep in mind that waking at night is normal even through toddlerhood.  Keep in mind that your child will eventually sleep through the night all on their own! 

Keep reading for our top tips for night weaning. 

Increase Daytime Intake 
When considering night weaning, it’s important to ensure your child is still receiving adequate calories.  Older babies and toddlers will often naturally shift to longer periods of sleep when their daytime intake increases.  Simply offering more nursing sessions or a greater volume of breastmilk via cup or bottle can be enough to encourage less need for night-time feedings.  Increasing solids is another way to get in more daytime calories.  Toddlers often do well with a bedtime “snack” that is nutritionally dense.  Foods that provide fiber, fat, and protein are often most satiating. 

Dream Feed Just Before Bed 
If your little one generally nods off before you’re ready to hit the sack, consider offering a dream feed to “top them off” just before you go to bed.  Babies will often rouse just enough to nurse or bottle feed without becoming fully awake.  This can give you a longer stretch before baby wakes for the next feed. 

Enlist Help 
If possible, ask your partner or another trusted caregiver to assist through the night during this transition.  This is especially helpful for nursing mothers.  If a non-lactating caregiver is present to comfort and soothe during night waking, baby may be less likely demand a feeding.  The old motto holds true…..Out of sight, out of mind! 

Increase Cuddles and Communication 
It’s not uncommon for toddlers to be anxious about weaning of any sort.  Reassure them with extra cuddles and clear communication about the night weaning process. Toddlers are perceptive and the often understand far more than we adults give them credit for!  Talk about night weaning during waking hours and let your child know when the process will start.  It’s ok to tell your toddler “no” when they ask for a night-time feeding, but follow it up by also letting them know when they can nurse again. For example, “We can’t nurse now, but we can nurse again when the sun is up”. Or “I’m just going to rock you for now, but we’ll get milkies when it’s time for breakfast”. Knowing when they will be allowed to nurse again, can bring an immense amount of peace to a worried toddler. 

Set Limits 
The counting method is often very effective with toddlers!  Let your little one know that they can nurse until you reach a certain number (whatever you are comfortable with).  For example, “You can nurse until Mommy gets to 20”.  Count out loud, going slowly for the first several nursing sessions.  After a few nights, begin to count a little faster.  As your toddler adjusts, you can reduce the number until there is no nursing.  If this approach is taken slowly and gently, it is not uncommon for toddlers to become uninterested in nursing at night. 

Don’t Be Afraid to Stop 
If you begin the night weaning process only to find that your baby or toddler is greatly distressed by it, don’t be afraid to stop and start again later.  If your child is hysterical each night and shows no signs of adjusting to night weaning, try again in a month or two.  There is no one-size-fits-all prescriptive timeline for any sort of weaning and it is rarely a linear process!  

Patience, reassurance, and planning are the keys to night weaning success! 

Tried all the tips and still struggling with night weaning?  You’re not alone!  Our International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) have years of experience helping families navigate night weaning and many other sleep concerns.  We’re available 7 days a week for FREE CONSULTATIONS.  No matter where you are in your breastfeeding journey, we’re here to support you! 

 

Sources: 

Burnham, M., Goodlin-Jones, B., Gaylor, E., & Anders, T. (2002, September). Nighttime sleep-wake patterns and self-soothing from birth to one year of age: A longitudinal intervention study. Retrieved January 4, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1201415/  

Galbally, M., Lewis, A. J., McEgan, K., Scalzo, K., & Islam, F. A. (2013). Breastfeeding and infant sleep patterns: an Australian population study. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(2), E147–E152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12089 

Kent, J., Mitoulas, L., Cregan, M., Ramsay, D., Doherty, D., & Hartmann, P. (2006, March). Volume and           frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Retrieved January 4,        2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510619

Nipple Shields: Yay or Nay?

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Melissa Portunato MPH, IBCLC, RLC

Are your nipples sore from nursing your newborn? Are you thinking of purchasing a nipple shield to prepare for your breastfeeding journey? Wait! Don’t grab that nipple shield just yet! Temporary use of a nipple shield combined with proper guidance can salvage a breastfeeding relationship at times, but nipples shields can be widely misused too! Read on to find the answers to everything you need to know about nipple shields. 

Do I really need a nipple shield? 
Far too often, nipple shields are used to mask breastfeeding issues without getting to the root cause.Truth is, most moms do not need them at all. Nipple shields essentially create a barrier between you and your baby. They are infamous for low weight gain, clogged ducts, low milk supply and a ton of other breastfeeding issues, even Mastitis. Some newer research tells us temporary use of nipple shields could possibly salvage a breastfeeding relationship if it’s combined with skilled lactation support early on. 

What are some instances a nursing mom might benefit from the temporary use of a nipple shield?
It’s surprising for most to learn flat or inverted nipples begin to naturally draw out with breastfeeding. Even with inverted nipples that don’t protrude with stimulation, nursing or pumping will draw them out and a nipple shield is not even needed. There may be instances, where the nipple does not protrude and a nipple shield can be beneficial. 

Other special circumstances include premature babies (born earlier than 36 weeks) and transitioning from bottle to breast. The supervised use of a nipple shield has been linked to temporarily improving or prolonging the breastfeeding relationship in some studies. 

How do I use a nipple shield?
If you decide to use a nipple shield, make sure it’s the right size and made of thin silicone material. The shield should fit securely over the nipple and areola. When a baby is latched and actively nursing at the breast there should be visible movement on and around the breast. Also, there should be breastmilk on the tip of the shield. These are all indicators the nipple shield placement is correct. Working closely with a local International Board Certified Lactation Consultant, IBCLC is critical to ensure your baby is nutritively sucking at the breast and transferring adequate milk to grow and thrive. 

Weaning off the shield
Nipple shields are intended for temporary use which means the goal should always be to wean off them. Switch and bait can be an effective technique when weaning a baby off a nipple shield. Start nursing with the shield, slip it off and then quickly re- latch baby directly at the breast. This approach can take patience and practice. Start feeding sessions skin to skin and offer the breast at early feeding cues. Crying is a late sign of hunger and a “hangry” baby will be much harder to latch. 

Protect your milk supply if your baby is not latching by dual pumping using a Spectra Baby USA hospital strength pump. In addition, introducing a supplemental nursing system can aid at keeping baby nursing at the breast while trying to wean off a nipple shield. 

Getting skilled lactation support early can prevent the use of nipple shields all together! Nipple shields are not intended for long-term use and should be approached with caution. If you decide to use a nipple shield work closely with a local International Board Certified Lactation Consultant, IBCLC who has experience with using niplpe shields. 

Do you have breastfeeding questions? Schedule a free Spectra Baby USA virtual consultation with one of our experts to help you on your breastfeeding journey! 

We are here for you and we support you! 

Sources:

Chertok, I. Reexamination of ultra-thin nipple shield use, infant growth and maternal satisfaction. J Clin Nurs 2009;18(21):2949-2955.

Meier, P. et al. Nipple shields for preterm infants: effect on milk transfer and duration of breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 2000; 16(2):106-114.

Kronborg H, Foverskov E, Nilsson I, Maastrup R. Why do mothers use nipple shields and how does this influence duration of exclusive breastfeeding?. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(1):e12251. doi:10.1111/mcn.12251

Breastfeeding and Pregnancy

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mom on couch with breast pump

Melissa Portunato MPH, IBCLC, RLC

Did you just find out you’re expecting a new baby and you’re currently breastfeeding? So many emotions can begin to flood your mind when you start to process that a new little one will be joining your family in just a few short months…excitement, joy, anxiety and uncertainty. If you’re pregnant and breastfeeding, you could be asking yourself questions like “Will I need to stop breastfeeding since I’m pregnant? Can I harm my unborn baby by continuing to breastfeed throughout my pregnancy?” Take a deep breath! We got you covered! Read on to get evidence based answers to everything pregnancy and breastfeeding. 

First things first, is it safe?
Nipple stimulation triggers the release of the oxytocin hormone which can trigger contractions. Research tells us less oxytocin is released when a woman is pregnant making it generally safe for a healthy mom to continue nursing while pregnant but not always. If you are exclusively pumping, remember that is breastfeeding! We recommend scheduling a prenatal exam as soon as possible to thoroughly discuss your personal situation with your doctor. If you are considered a “high risk” pregnancy you may be advised to discontinue breastfeeding to ensure your pregnancy will be safe and smooth. The current data reflects breastfeeding and healthy term births are not only compatible but biologically normal.

Changes in Milk Supply and Composition
Hormonal changes in pregnancy can cause milk supply dips and fluctuations, as well as, increased nipple tenderness. Your nursling might want to breastfeed more frequently or become less interested. Supply and demand, won’t typically hold up even if breastfeeding has been increased. Some mothers do not experience a decrease in milk supply at all while others do. Everyone is different. Milk composition will begin to transition into colostrum during your third trimester. Increased sodium levels in breastmilk can change the taste of your breastmilk and this combined with less milk, could lead to natural weaning yet; some kiddos do not mind at all and continue to nurse. The AAP recommends breast milk as the primary source of food for the first year. Closely monitor your baby’s breastfeeding behavior at the breast, weight gain and diaper output to ensure they are growing and thriving. 

Tandem Nursing
Colostrum will be produced for your newborn during the first few days postpartum even if you have continued to breastfeed an older child throughout your pregnancy. Since colostrum is packed with immune properties and prepares the newborn gut for mature milk you want to make sure you are giving your newborn priority at the breast during the early days after delivery. Nursing both of your babies at the same time, called tandem nursing, can be a way to offer emotional security and extra attention to the sibling. Tandem nursing can also help lessen engorgement and create an adequate milk supply. If you decide to wean your older baby, gradual weaning is always best. Avoid being seen in your typical nursing areas, don’t offer the breast but don’t refuse either. Redirecting behavior when asked to nurse can help the weaning process too, like offering a snack or a favorite toy. 

Pumping To Induce Labor and Colostrum Harvesting 
If you haven’t been breastfeeding since the beginning of your pregnancy it’s not recommended to start now unless you are full term (over 38 weeks) and under the care of your medical practitioner. Pumping or hand expressing can be an effective way to kick start labor! If your doctor approves you can start with hand expression or pumping with your Spectra Baby USA breast pump for 10-15 minutes on a low 38 cycle and low suction strength, just a few times a day. Some mothers will even start to see some drops of precious colostrum. You can use sterile syringes to collect, store and freeze colostrum. This can be even extra important if you already know you will be separated from your baby after delivery. Always check with your doctor first when using pumping to induce labor. 

If you desire to continue to breastfeed while pregnant, you are not alone. Breastmilk continues to have benefits for your older child and many mothers safely breastfeed their older babies while pregnant. Work closely with your health care practitioner and surround yourself with support to ensure breastfeeding can continue safely. Spectra baby USA is here for you and we support your decision to breastfeed while pregnant. Schedule a prenatal consult with us and we can help you reach your personal breastfeeding goals. 

Sources:

Amico, J., and Finley, B., Breast stimulation in cycling women, pregnant women and a woman with induced lactation: pattern of release of oxytocin, prolactin and luteinizing hormone. Clinical Endocrinology, 1986 25:97-106.

Journal of Nursing Research, 20 (1) p 74-80. doi: 10.1097/JNR.0b013e31824777c1

Mohrbacher (2010) Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple, Hale Publishing, ISBN-10: 0984503900

Flower H. (2016) Breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem nursing: is it safe? Recent research, Breastfeeding Today, 11 April 2016

Philippa Pearson-Glaze, Expressing Colostrum Antenatally, Breastfeeding Support, 24 August 2019, https://breastfeeding.support/expressing-colostrum-antenatally/ (accessed 9 September 2020).

 

The Over Achiever: When one breast produces more than the other

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By: Jacque Ordner BSN, RN, IBCLC 

Have you noticed that one of your breasts seems to consistently produce more milk?  If you’re pumping, this may be even more noticeable.  If your baby nurses, you may have noticed that he or she prefers one side or seems to finish nursing on one side much faster than the other.  Rest assured, this is normal!  One study of exclusively pumping mothers found that in 65.7% of pumping sessions observed, the right breast produced at least slightly more milk.  In another similar study, only 2.6% of the exclusively pumping mothers displayed equal pumping output from both breasts.  

Why does this happen? So, we know it’s normal for one breast to produce more or to have a greater pumping output, but WHY? Breasts aren’t typically symmetrical.  Like many other parts of the human body (eyes, hands, feet, ears, etc.) a degree of asymmetry is normal.  This can mean a difference in the amount of milk making tissue (alveoli) or even in the amount and size of milk ducts.  Many times, mothers can readily observe a difference in the size of their breasts and also notice that one commonly feels “fuller” than the other. Other less common reasons for this discrepancy include previous breast surgery and previous injury or trauma to the breast. Rarely, asymmetry is caused by a disorder known as Poland Syndrome.  This syndrome is evidenced by missing or underdeveloped muscle tissue on only one side of the body and often results in one breast being dramatically smaller and less developed than the other. In general, breast asymmetry is completely normal as is having one breast that produces more milk.  We like to call that breast the Over Achiever. 

We’ve compiled a few tips to help “even out” milk output: 

  • If you’re pumping, consider trying different settings to see if each breast responds differently to certain cycles/vacuums.  Once you determine which settings are best for each breast, determine a plan to incorporate these settings into your typical pump session.  For example, some woman report that one breast responds best to Massage Mode (cycle 70) while the other responds well to an Expression Mode cycle.  Moms often have great success with switching between the two modes like the example below: 

            -5 minutes at cycle 70 

            -5 minutes at cycle 54 

            -5 minutes at cycle 70 

            -5 minutes at cycle 38 

*Remember that higher vacuum doesn’t necessarily mean more milk!  We never recommend increasing the vacuum to an uncomfortable level. 

  • Consider adding more stimulation for the lower producing side. If you’re pumping, this can be as simple as starting or ending the pumping session with just a few extra minutes of single pumping on the lower producing side.  If you’re nursing, consider starting sessions on the lower producing breast or adding a few minutes of single pumping on that side after nursing. 
  • Do YOU have a preference? It’s not uncommon for mom to unknowingly develop a preference for feeding from one side over the other.  We often prefer to keep our dominant hand free, and therefore may feed more often or spend more time on the opposite side.  Keeping a simple log of feeding times for each side can help highlight any preferences you might not have noticed otherwise.  
  • Encourage better nursing and greater pumping output with your hands! If baby tends to stop nursing on the less preferred side sooner, consider incorporating breast compressions while nursing. This can help keep the flow a bit faster and more interesting for baby. It can also make milk removal easier. Similarly, Hands On Pumping is a technique that can help elevate your lower producer to Over Achiever status.  Check out this video from Stanford University: https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/breastfeeding/maximizing-milk-production.html 
  • Add in hand expression. One breast may give less output because it just doesn’t respond to pumping as well as the other.  Hand Expression is a technique that can help increase pumping output not only for the lower producing breast, but even for the Over Achiever breast as well!  A few ways to incorporate hand expression include in between pumping or nursing sessions, following pumping or nursing sessions, or when you’re running short on time and can’t fit a full pumping session in.  Here’s a link for a fantastic resource on the topic: https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/breastfeeding/hand-expressing-milk.html 

Keep in mind that it is normal for one breast to be the over achiever and it’s absolutely ok if you choose to do nothing to even out the supply.  Having a lesser producing breast doesn’t mean there is something wrong, it just means our bodies aren’t perfectly symmetrical! However, if baby consistently fully refuses one breast, if there is a noticeable change in size or shape of only one breast, if there is a lump that doesn’t go away or grows, or if there is a lump that doesn’t move with the breast tissue, reach out to your healthcare provider as soon as possible. Additionally, if baby seems uncomfortable turning toward one breast or always seems to turn his or her head in the same direction, reach out to your pediatrician for further evaluation for conditions such as torticollis.  Should you desire to bring both breasts to Over Achiever status, incorporating the tips above is a great place to start! 

Keep on keeping on, mamas!  We know you’re doing your very best to provide your babies with the best start and we support you! If you have questions about uneven milk supply or any other breastfeeding related topics, we can help! Our International Board Certified Lactation Consultants are available for free consultations at www.spectrababyusa.com/lactationservices.  You can also email us at ibclc@spectrababy.com  Happy pumping! 

References 

Engstrom, J. L., Meier, P. P., Jegier, B., Motykowski, J. E., & Zuleger, J. L. (2007). Comparison of Milk Output from the Right and Left Breasts During Simultaneous Pumping in Mothers of Very Low Birthweight Infants. Breastfeeding Medicine, 2(2), 83-91. doi:10.1089/bfm.2006.0019 

Hill, P. D., Aldag, J. C., Zinaman, M., & Chatterton, R. T. (2007). Comparison of Milk Output Between Breasts in Pump-Dependent Mothers. Journal of Human Lactation, 23(4), 333-337. doi:10.1177/0890334407307575 

 

Working and Pumping: The Struggle is Real

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What To Know When Returning to Work

Well, it’s sadly that time, when you are headed back to work after maternity leave.  Hopefully, your employer offers that necessary benefit. The baby honeymoon is over and now you have some big decisions to make regarding childcare and feeding.  If you’ve been breastfeeding up to this point, there is a good chance you’ll want to continue providing baby with your milk. After all, it is recommended to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months if possible, to get the continued benefits such as less frequent illness.  Before your actual return, try to be as prepared as possible. Make sure you know your workplace rights; have all the gear you need and have at least a general plan for how you will feasibly pump enough to keep up your supply for baby. Here are the basics to get you started:

Protection under federal and state laws

In 2010, the Affordable Care Act was signed into law with provisions related to nursing mothers and pumping at work. The guidelines include employees that are not exempt under section 7 of the law.  This includes most hourly paid employees. The law specifically calls for providing a nursing mother unpaid (unless all employees are paid for their breaks) reasonable breaks with a private room for nursing that isn’t a bathroom.  If your employer is smaller than 50 employees, they may be exempt from this law if it causes them “undue hardship.”  For full details check out these great resources here and here.  If you aren’t covered under the ACA, make sure to check your state laws.  Twenty-eight of fifty states have some kind of provision related to breastfeeding.

Planning and educating yourself

First, figure out what laws you are specifically covered by depending on your employment from the resources above.  If you aren’t sure, talk to your boss, human resources, or a workplace lawyer so you can start making a game plan.

Next, equipping yourself with all the essentials for successful workplace pumping is key.  To maintain a good milk supply it is important to have access to the best possible pump. For time management and optimal pumping, look into getting a double, electric breast pump that is hospital strength.  Under the ACA, it is also required that your health insurance provide you with a pump (either a rental or single user depending on the model). There are several pump options available and companies that will do all the footwork for you to get you the pump you need with little hassle.  Spectra Baby USA is one of these companies with the added bonus of great customer service and lactations consultants on hand as needed.  Check out their page for a comparison chart of different pumps to find the best option for you and you can also check their insurance lookup tool that locates a DME (Durable Medical Equipment) company that will work with your insurance policy to get you a breast pump covered by your plan.

Lastly, consider any accessories to purchase to make your life easier as a pumping mom.  This includes items like a pumping bra, sterilizing tools, nipple cream, adequate collection bottles, freezer bags, and insulated tote to be able to get your milk safely to and from work.  Having the right gear will keep you organized and efficient!

When and how to pump: finding a schedule

In general, you want to pump in a way that would mimic your baby’s current feeding schedule.  This generally means that a mom will have to pump every 3-4 hours. For a full-time employee that should be 2-3 times depending on lunch breaks and commute time.  How you want to schedule these into your day is completely dependent on what works in your day. Regardless, make sure that you try to actually schedule these times into your calendar to remind yourself and your co-workers.  It’s easy to forget or skip a pumping session if you don’t make it a priority and this can negatively impact your supply. If you are short on time one day, don’t stress and just try to get in as many short sessions as you can to keep the supply signal going to your breasts.

The last big consideration is your milk supply as your switch from breastfeeding to the use of a pump.  Your baby is much better at extracting milk from your breast than a machine, so if you have trouble initially with the amount you are pumping don’t be discouraged.  Keep these basic tips in mind: keep hydrated, eat healthily and frequently, stimulate an adequate let down with massage, heat or thinking of your baby (even look at a picture!), stay relaxed and comfortable and make sure you have the right size breast shield.

With the right preparation, you will manage the transition into a work-family balance well.  You rock mama! Keep up the good work providing liquid gold for your child while crushing those career goals.

The Benefits of Breastfeeding & How to Make a Good Supply

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By Jenn Foster, MA, IBCLC, RLC

We’ve all heard that “breast is best”…but, why? What’s so different about breast milk anyway? Is it really that important?  The answer is, yes! And here is why:

A baby’s digestive system isn’t mature enough to prevent infections until around 6 months of age. That’s why it’s recommended to give baby only breast milk for the first 6 months of life. Breast milk has live cells and antibodies that help prevent infections and coats the intestines. These active properties cannot be reproduced and are not present in artificial baby milk.

Below are some top benefits for both mom and baby:

For mom

  1. Mom has less of a chance of hemorrhage after delivery
  2. Mom has a lower risk of breast cancer, brittle bone disease, anemia and more
  3. Moms are more likely to return to their pre-pregnancy weight
  4. Breastfeeding saves time, money and builds mom’s self-confidence

For baby

  1. Baby has a lower risk of ear infections, fewer allergies, and less time with illness
  2. Babies who are breastfed have better dental health
  3. Babies who breastfeed have statistically a higher IQ
  4. Lower cortisol levels (less stress) for baby when nursing which helps to ensure better brain development, regulated body temperature and promotes bonding

 

What happens when breast milk isn’t offered to baby?

When an infant is not breastfed, there are risks for both the mother and baby.  Mother has more of a risk of hemorrhage after birth, takes longer to return to pre-pregnancy weight, and can miss more work due to infant illness. Baby has a higher risk of numerous ailments, including higher risk of ear infections, allergies, and asthma.  

What if I’m not able to nurse at breast?

For some mothers, nursing at breast isn’t always possible and this is where an efficient breast pump is very important. Spectra offers many breast pumps models that are all well above hospital strength of 250mmHg.

It’s important to remember that breastfeeding is all about “supply and demand”, whatever is removed from the breast will be made. So, you need to be pumping or nursing every 2-3 hours. Try not to exceed four hours without removing breastmilk to ensure an adequate milk supply.

If you are exclusively pumping, it can be difficult to maintain a full milk supply. Double pumping can be helpful in keeping those important lactation hormones raised. Hands on pumping can also be helpful (breast massage before, during and after) as well as keeping something that smells like baby next to you when pumping.

What is the bottom line ?

Every ounce counts and every drop of mother’s milk you provide to baby is a lifelong gift.  Whether you can provide one ounce of your precious milk or more, keep it up! No mother should feel less than amazing for their choice of how they feed their little one.

We are here to support you! We have a robust Facebook Mom Group where you can be supported by Spectra pumping moms just like you.  In addition, we also have Spectra Certified IBCLCs that are here to help you along your breastfeeding and pumping journey!

References: Stuebe, A. (2009). The Risks of Not Breastfeeding for Mothers and Infants. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2(4), 222–231.

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